BUSBAR PROTECTION TRIP

1.In transformer feeder busbar protection will operate both the High side breaker and
lower side breaker

2.BF stage -1 and BB protection will initiate TC1 & TC2 of all breakers.

MICOM 142 DOCR TRIPPING CONDITION

Relay will trip single phase faults reference with other phase voltage

For three phase fault relay will take last one min memorised RYB voltage.

If one hour maintenance shout down memory voltage will errised then any bady switch on the CB with three fault there is no voltage in memory and relay will not operate for this fault.But in Line protection relay SOTF will operate.

RED 500 to DTR CONNECTION

RED 500 to DTR RJ pin connection (1 2 3 4 5 6) to ( 3 6 1 4 5 2 )

SCADA & SOE PAIR CABLE

Pair cable shield wire should be grounded at one side for Analog points
to avoid the error in the reading and out side noises effects.

HI - POT LEAKAGE CURRENT

How to calculate the Hi-pot leakage Current?

I = U X 2пcf

U = Applied voltage
c = Total capacitance = Instrument Capacitance + Circuit Capacitance
f = Frequency applied = 1/2п√CL

Note: Circuit Capacitance can measure with IR value measurement kit.

VACUUM IS A CONDACTOR

Vacuum will become a conductor in some potential stage.So don't do any
electrical test in equipment

CT CONNECTION TIPS

CT CONNECTION TIPS

1.For Bus section and Bus coupler The CT "P1" should be Breaker Side

CT METERING CORE STAR POINT

CT Star point connection for metering core should be towards line or cable or transformer side.

In energy meter IMPORT reading should be -ve sign
EXPORT reading should be +ve sign

In line feeder power towards bus and current develop 180 dec displaced and
Energy meter shows -ve reading.(Power inter in earthing point side P2 side)

In cable feeder power outwards to bus and current develop 0 dec displaced and
Energy meter shows +ve reading.(Power inter in side P1 side)

REF HIGH IMPEDANCE SETTING

To have high sensitivity for Transformer REF protection Transformer REF setting as 10% 0r 15% or less. Transformer REF setting may not be more than 20%.

DSM REQUIREMENT

1.IP Address

2.Subnet Mask

3.Default Gateway

4.HAND OVER BOOK

HI POT TEST TIPS

1. Before IR value test remove the VT primary neutral and reconnect during HV test.

2. Remove the line capacitance primary links

3. Short all CT secondary

CATLOG FOR GE MAKE CT TB

GE MAKE CT TB

http://www.gedigitalenergy.com/multilin/catalog/eb25.htm

IEC CODES

1.IEC 60027 Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology...

2.IEC 60034 Rotating electrical machinery

3.IEC 60038 IEC Standard Voltages

4.IEC 60044 Instrument transformers

5.IEC 60050 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

6.IEC 60062 Marking codes for resistors and capacitors

7.IEC 60063 Preferred number series for resistors and capacitors

8.IEC 60065 Audio, video and similar electronic apparatus - Safety requirements

9.IEC 60068 Environmental Testing

10.IEC 60071 Insulation Co-ordination

11.IEC 60073 Basic Safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification

12.IEC 60076 Power Transformers

13.IEC 60079 Parts 1-14 Electrical Installations in Hazardous Areas

14.IEC 60085 Electrical insulation

15.IEC 60086 Primary batteries

16.IEC 60099 Surge arresters

17.IEC 60134 Absolute maximum and design ratings of tube and semiconductor devices

18.IEC 60137 Bushings for alternating voltages above 1000V

19.IEC 60146 Semiconductor Converters

20.IEC 60169 Radio-frequency connectors

21.IEC 60183 Guide to the selection of high voltage cables

22.IEC 60204 Safety of machinery

23.IEC 60214 On-load tap changers

24.IEC 60228 Conductors of insulated cables

25.IEC 60233 Tests on Hollow Insulators for use in Electrical Equipment

26.IEC 60238 Edison screw lampholders

27.IEC 60245 Rubber-Insulated Cables

28.IEC 60255 Electrical Relays

29.IEC 60268 Sound system equipment

30.IEC 60269 Low voltage fuses

31.IEC 60270 High-Voltage Test Techniques - Partial Discharge Measurements

32.IEC 60287 Calculation of permissible current in cables at steady state rating

33.IEC 60092-350 Shipboard Power cables-General construction and Test Requirements

34. IEC 60296 Mineral Insulating oils for transformers & switchgear

35.IEC 60298 high voltage switchgear in metallic enclosure

36.IEC 60309 Plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes

37.IEC 60317 Specifications for particular types of winding wires

38.IEC 60320 Appliance couplers for household and similar general purposes

39.IEC 60331 Tests for Electric Cables under Fire Conditions

40.IEC 60335 Safety of electrical household appliances

41.IEC 60364 Electrical installations of buildings

42.IEC 60417 Graphical symbols for use on equipment

43. IEC 60439 Low voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies

44.IEC 60445 Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface

45. IEC 60446 Wiring colours

46.IEC 60479 Effects of current on human beings and livestock

47.IEC 60502 Power cables with extruded insulation and their accessories for rated voltages from 1KV up to 30KV

50.IEC 60529 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)

51.IEC 60598 Luminaires

52. IEC 60559 Binary floating-point arithmetic for microprocessor systems

53.IEC 60601 Medical Electrical Equipment

54.IEC 60603 Connectors for frequencies below 3 MHz for use with printed boards

55.IEC 60617 Graphical symbols for diagrams IEC 60651 Sound level meters

56.IEC 60694 Common Specifications For High-Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Standards

57.IEC 60715 Dimensions of low-voltage switchgear and controlgear. Standardised mounting on rails for mechanical support of electrical devices in switchgear and controlgear installations.

58.IEC 60721 Classification of environmental conditions IEC 60726 Dry type power

transformers IEC 60747 Semiconductor devices; Part 1: General

59.IEC 60748 Semiconductor devices - integrated circuits

60.IEC 60774 VHS/S-VHS video tape cassette system

61.IEC 60793 Optical fibres

62.IEC 60801(part 3) EMI and RFI Immunity

63.IEC 60812 International Standard on Fault Mode and Effects Analysis

64.IEC 60815 Selection and dimensioning of high-voltage insulators intended for use in polluted conditions

65.IEC 60874 Connectors for optical fibres

66.IEC 60884 Plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes

67.IEC 60898 Electrical accessories. Circuit breakers for overcurrent protection for household and similar installations.

68.IEC 60906 IEC system of plugs and socket-outlets for household and similar purposes

69.IEC 60908 Compact disk digital audio system

70.IEC 60921 Ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps - Performance requirements

71.IEC 60929 AC-supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps - Performance requirements

72.IEC 60947 Standards for low-voltage switch gear and controlgear

73.IEC 60950 Safety of information technology equipment

74.IEC 61000 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)

75.IEC 61009 Residual current operated circuit breakers with integral over current protection for household and similar uses (RCBO's)

76.IEC 61010 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use

77.IEC 61025 Fault tree analysis

78.IEC 61058 Switches for Appliances

79.IEC 61131 Programmable Logic Controllers.

80.IEC 61156 Multicore and symmetrical pair/qud cables for digital communications

81.IEC 61158 Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications

82.IEC 61238, Compression and mechanical connectors for power cables for rated voltages up to 30 kV

83.IEC 61280 Field testing method for measuring single mode fibre optic cable

84.IEC 61286 Character set with electrotechnical symbols

85.IEC 61326 Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use - EMC

requirements

86.IEC 61378 Converter Transformers

87.IEC 61400 Wind turbines

88.IEC 61439 Low-Voltage switch gear and controlgear assemblies

89.IEC 61499 Function blocksDownload: eType1.com/f.php?FurInf

90.IEC 61537 Cable management - Cable tray systems and cable ladder systems

91.IEC 61557 Equipment for measuring electrical safety in low-voltage distribution systems

99.IEC 61642 Industrial a.c. Networks Affected by Harmonics - Application of Filters and Shunt

Capacitors

100.IEC 61643 Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems

101.IEC 61672 Electroacoustics – Sound level meters

102.IEC 61753 Fibre optic interconnecting devices and passive components performance

standard IEC 61784 Industrial communication networks - Profiles

103.IEC 61800 Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems

104.IEC 61803 Determination of power losses in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) converter

stations

105.IEC 61829, Crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) array - On-site measurement of I-V

characteristics

106.IEC 62262 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures for electrical equipment against

external mechanical impacts (IK code)

107.IEC 62271 Standards for high-voltage switchgear and controlgear

AREVA & ABB RELAY COTECS & DETAILS

AREVA Relays model numbers and details can download here

http://www.alstom.com/grid/mp14x/

ABB Aux relays Details download

http://www.abb.com/abblibrary/DownloadCenter/?showresultstab=true&categoryid=9AAC710450

BASICS OF ELECTRICAL

ATOMS
All meters (solid, Liquid, Gas) are composed by minute particals called Malicules. There are two part in Atom, 1. Nucleus 2.Extra Nucleus a. Nucleus The Nucleus contains Protons and Neutrons Protons are positively charged particals and Neutrons have no particals b.Extra Nucleus Extra Nucleus contain only Electrons Electrons are negatively charged particals and moves around the Molicules with different orbits. The number of Protons are equels to Number of electrons in an Atom. Atomic Wieght = No. of Protons + No. of Neutrons Atomic Number = No. of Protons or No. of Electrons Normally the Number of Protons and Number of electrons are equles in a body. So the resultant charge is zero and the body electrically neutral. Charge The charge is Electrical energy possessed by protons or Electrons in an Atoms Unlike charges attract each other and like charges or repels each other. The Law of Conservation The Law of Concervation stats the algebraic sum of chares remain constant in a closed path. Therefore the charge can neither be created nor be distorted. The unit of the charge The charge on an electron is so small that is not convenient to select it as the unit charge. Normally Coulomb is the unit of charge. One Coulomb is equal to the charge on 6.28 X electrons. Each protons has positive charge = 1.6 X C. If 6.28 X Electrons remove from a neutral body then the body as positive charge 1 coulomb. If we say that a body has a negative charge of 1 C we should remove 6.28 X electrons from that body. Coulomb Inverse square Law The force two point charges is directly proportional to product of the two charges and inversely proportional to square of distance between two charges. F = 1/4π q1q2/ r - Distance between two charges ε0 – The permittivity of free space ε0 – 8.514 If charge placed in a material then Permittivity = ε0 εr εr – Relative permittivity of the material Electric Field The space around the charge in which the influence is felt is known as Electric field. Electric field Intensity The force experienced by an unit coulomb charge called Electric field Intensity. E = F/q F – Force in Newton q – Charge in Coulomb CURRENT AND VOLTAGE American physicists TOLMAN and STEWART experimentally con formed that the electric current in a conductor is a carried by electrons. The electrons in outer most orbit will less bound with nucleus and called free electrons. The free electrons move at random from one atom to other atom in the materials. Electro Motive Force An external force necessary to move the free electrons in definite direction is called Electro Motive Force. Faradays Law When ever a conductor cut the magnatic field an E.M.F induced in the conductor. E.M.F = BAL sinθ B – Magnatic density in webber A – Area of the conductor L – Length of the conductor. Theory of current (The Machanism of flow of current ) A metal piece contain a large number of free electrons moving in randam directin. The maxiumam speed the free electrons in the order of m/s. Due to e.m.f the electrons get accelerated and move in a definite direction. Due to electric field of moving electrons the electrons in the closed circuit also get accelerated and start to move. The direction of moving electrons can be find by Flamings Right hand rule. If E is the strength of the electric field applied from conductor closed circuit then the force on the electrons in the closed conductor F = e.E e- The charge on electrons in closed circuit. The acceleration produced on on electrons in a closed circuit a = F/m m – Mass of the electrons a = eE / m Due to acceleration the velocity of an electron increase but happens only short time τ. The electrons in a closed circuit contain The additional velocity acquired from e.m.f for τ time is called DRIFT VELOCITY. Vd = a τ =( eE / m) τ. Consider a wire of cross section ‘A’. Let ‘n’ be the number of free electrons per unit volume. The free electrons moves towards left with a constant drift velocity Vd. Numer of free electrons passed through the area of cross section per unit time = nAVd. Therefore the charge that flows per unit time = nAVde. This also called the current flows through the wire I= nAVde. This is relation between current and velocity I= nA E τ/ m. Electric current The rate of follow of charge in any cross section of a wire is defined as the electric current. I = Total charge flowing in a cross section / Time taken If charge dq flows through a wire in small time dt. The electric current = dq / dt. The unit of current is Ampere. One coulomb of charge flow through the wire in one second is called one Ampere. One ampere = 1 coulomb of charge (c) / 1 second (s) = 1 If there is no changes in rate of change of current and rate of change of time the the current is called steady current and if any one or both frequently change then the current called Alternating current .

Theory of Potential different

Consider a body in that one coulomb of negative charge is removed

Now the body is called positively charged body. Certain work was done to charge the body and it is stored in the body as potential energy.

AUTO RECLOSE

Auto Reclose Blocking Scheme
1. AR shall not be intiated under line is connected with generator bus unless proper analizes in the fulty line.
2. In case genarating power plant bus is connected to grid by medium and long lines,high-speed auto reclosing can be intiated by reverse direction (first chargeing the line from remote end and then reclose the CB at power plant end) for lines which restict the fult current to such a level that maximum shaft torques are with in the genarator specification under fault conditions.
3. AR shall not be intiated under the following conditions
a. BFP, BB protection trips
b. Direct transfer receiving Trips ( BF,PD)
c. SOTF Trips
d. Time delay trip
e. All type of communication failures ( 21 , 87L, BF,PD)
f. Both line & Bus side VT fuse failures

AR operate only zone -1 Ground to Earth Fault

Testing Tips CT

CT Testing

1. When your test the CT with CT analyzer remove the Metrosil connections.

Otherwise analyzer will show the more Ratio error and class fail.

2. Some ring type CT's core are connected with bus voltage. Take more care on dressing the wires.This wires are connect with RYB three phases.Therefore wires should be separate with appropriate air gap.

YOU TUBE LINK

TAN DELTA TEST EXPLANATION

You tube video links for CT http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D6eXTDPwLzo&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUkYQ8Ah510&feature=related

CT DESINGING AREVA

CT AREVA DESIGNING DOCUMENTS DOWNLOAD

CT IEC - 60044-6 DOCUMENTS DOWNLOAD

SEC STANDERS ON CONTROL PANEL

1. Panel size should be 800 (W) X 800 (B) X 2200 (H)

2. Aux Power supply 127 V (AC), 220 V (AC) , 125 V (DC)

3.Group of terminals should identified by engraving labels.

4.The distance between TB and race way should be 80mm.

5. 10% spare terminals should provide.

6. The bottom of any relay and test block shall not be less than 300mm from floor level.

7. Not more then 2 LOR in the row and 15 cm between lockout and 10mm other relays.

8.VT secondary should ground at CVT junction box and CT secondary should ground at first interning point of protection panel. For metering CT secondary grounding at control panel.

9. Wiring size a) CT and VT and less than 2.5 Sq mm b) SCADA , SOE, ANNU not less than 0.8 Sqmm c) SCADA control output signal and other control wires not less then 1.5 Sq mm.

DESIGN TIP GIS

Inter lock bypass key should not bypass the SF6 minimum operating pressure interlock

DESIGN TIP BF II STAGE

1. The BF second stage (86BF) no need to use in close block circuit because breaker already trouble to open. Breaker 'b' contact already serious in closing circuit if breaker is in open condition it will not allow the closing command to CB.

2. The trip setting of Tie breaker should be less then the trip setting of other to Incomers

Because if any fault on tie breaker side then Tie breaker should trip first and save the incomer voltage.

Design Tip AUX RELAYS

TIMING FOR AUXILIARY RELAYS

1. High speed relay used for SOE, TFR 1ms

2. Other signals ANNU, SCADA 4 ms

3. BF initiation timers ( 0 - 100 ms)

4. High speed 85 DTTR, 85 PD relays 4 ms

5. DC supervision relays 100 ms

Design Tip AR BLOCK

Why 94BF -1, 86 BF -2 trip no need to block the AR relay ?

The breaker status contact is given to AR relay to monitor the breaker.

AR relay give the close command if CB is in open condition.

Breaker failure operate means CB in closed condition and failure to open for trip command.

AR relay automatically blocked when the CB is in closed condition.

Therefore separate close block no need from 94BF -1, 86 BF -2.

Transformer Protections

Transformer Protections

1. Transformer diffential protection

2. REF HV, REF LV

3. Dir O/C HV, LV , HVN, LVN (IOC, TOC) ,

4. O/C HV and LV Grounding

5. Mechanical Trip

a.BUZ relay Main Tank

b.BUZ relay OLTC

c. HV winding Temp High

d. LV winding Temp High

e. Main Tank PRD Opt

f. OLTC PRD Opt

g. Main tank oil Temp High

h. OLTC oil Temp High

6. O/C TW ( 51 TW-HS, 51 TW-LS)

END TO END TEST

END TO END TEST

1.The sending and receiving of datas from one end to other end is very importent in line protection
2.The Protection Signalling Equipment (PSE) is used in between both end protection panels.
3. Four main tripping signals are send and receive a) Distance protection b) Directional Earth Fault(DEF) c) Pole descripency second stage d) Breaker Failure second stage

FOIP CONNECTIONS

Line diffrential protection
Relay to FOIP panel and FOIP to communication panel connection Drawing

380 KV RELAY SETTINGS

1.LINE DIFFRENTIAL - 1
2.LINE DIFFRENTIAL - 2
3. HIGH IMPEDENCE BB PRO
4. PD & BF
5. UNDER VOLTAGE RELAYS

TIMINGS

1. 380 kv breaker tripping time 14 -15 ms and closing time 78-79 ms
2. Breaker coil current a. Closing coil current 5-6 Amps b. Tripping coil current 13-14.5 Amps
3. PD first stage timeing 500 ms second stage 2.5 s
4. Breaker Filure first stage timeing 100 ms second stage 200 ms

Test reports for 380 KV substation

This is test report for a 380 kv substation.

1. MAIN RELAYS

2. AUX RELAYS

3. GIS TEST REPORT

4. COMMISSIONING

DESIGN TIP-2 A/R CLOSE

Auto reclose function 1. In 1-1/2 scheme auto reclose should close bus side breaker first and middle breaker secound. 2. The one more condition for close the middle breaker by A/R is the other two breakers should be in closed condition.

380 KV GIS THOSHIBA

INTER LOCK FOR CIRCUIT BREAKER (GAS & HYDRAULIC OIL)

1. For tripping operation the HYDRAULIC OIL pressure must be 25.5 MPa and GIS gas pressure of the CB compartment should be 0.7 MPa . Breaker failure should be initiates If CB is failure to trip condition.

2. For closing operation the HYDRAULIC OIL pressure must be 27 MPa and GIS gas pressure of the CB compartment should be 0.725 MPa .

3. Normal condition Gas pressure CB 0.75 MPa, Gas pressure other compartment 0.6 MPa, Hydraulic Oil pressure 31.5 MPa

380kV CT-VT-Calculation

CT & VT CALCULATION OF 380KV SUBSTATION

DOWNLOAD FROM HERE

KVS100 SYN RELAY CB INPUT

How to give CB input to KVAS100 SYN check relay to start the syn check function ?

LOGIC FUNCTION ----------- SCHEME Fn Links-1 -------- set 000000000100011

INPUT Start chsyn ------------00000001

48 DC voltage available in relay

Take +ve voltage connect with CB "b" contact (NC)

When CB is open relay will start the Syn function give permit to close the CB

Relay will reset when CB is closed.

FIBER OPTIC CABLES

FIBER OPTIC CABLES USED FOR LINE DIFFERENTIAL AND DRP PANEL

MAKE: OPTOKON CO . LTD

MULTIDUPLEX

J-V (ZN) H 2G 62.5/125 BLUE (2.8 mm) (850 nM)

PATCH CORD TERMINATION